Adult Health and Social Care Pwsc 21 Essay - 964 Words

Principles of communication in adult social care settings Unit Number: PWCS 21 Unit Reference: L/602/2905 Unit Level 2 Unit Credit Value 2 1. Understanding why communication is important in adult social care settings. 2.1 Identify different reasons why people communicate. People communicate to show fear, pain, love, joy, anger. People need and want to get views, points, wishes and information across to others for all sorts of reasons. 2.2 Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of working in adult social settings I communicate using: Communication books, Handovers, Staff meetings, meetings with my Line Manager Etc. Effective communication is important as it ensures that information is:†¦show more content†¦Understand how to reduce barriers to communication 4.6 Identify barriers to communicate Barriers maybe things like: not understanding or being aware of an individual’s wishes, beliefs, needs, values and culture, not giving people time and space to speak, being in noisy or overcrowded spaces, sitting or standing too far away or too close invading peoples personal space and poor/bad/unwelcoming body language. 4.7 Describe ways to reduce barriers to communication Ways to reduce barriers to be able to communicate are: To make the person feel comfortable and as relaxed as possible, smile and keep facial expressions friendly, maybe use gestures or pictures and be warm and encouraging. Keep to the client’s level and make constant eye contact, talk to the client slowly and clearly to ensure that the client understands what you are saying, remain patient and keep the conversation short and simple. 4.8 Describe ways to check tat communication is being understood. To enable the client understands what you say you should keep to conversation short and simple, ask the client to repeat or rephrase the information you have just given, look at the client and see if they are listening as sometimes when communication a confused person may not be able to understand and start to ignore the information so it is important to keep eye contact with the

How to Create Qualitative Analysis Questions on Literacy...

Does the impact of teacher instructional technology with new literacy instruction improve elementary (K-5) student achievement in reading vocabulary? Create 8-10 interview questions that would allow you to gather relevant information as a case study. When creating your questions, be sure to include a minimum of 6 open-ended questions. Include an introductory paragraph stating your interview approach Introduction: I would interview the teachers in at least two different schools in my district that have introduced new literacy instruction in their classrooms and have been doing this for at least a year already. I would give them a handout to fill out (a survey) as well as conducting a focus group where I would ask the entire group the questions as an open-ended discussion forum. In the latter case, I would innocuously lead the session whilst allowing it to go where it tends to go. In the former case, I would hand out the surveys telling participants that they can remain anonymous if they wish. I would then collect them at a certain date within that same week. In both cases, I would inform participants of the purpose of the study and tell them that they can choose to exclude themselves at any time would they so wish. I would carefully scrutinize the questions and study to make sure that all is ethical. I will also run the questions through an objective other to ascertain that questions are understood, are objective,and will not hurt a participant. I will also try toShow MoreRelatedA Digital World Of Information And Communication1625 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking about reading and literacy in a new way. Our students must be proficient in what scholars describe as â€Å"new literacies.† This relatively new perspective in literacy instruction acknowledges and investigates the literacy practices that are borne out of digital technology (Houtman, 2013). 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Animal House Essay Example For Students

Animal House Essay Social commentary is sometimes found at the heart of good art, whether that art form is literature or popular music. The novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell, and the rock album, Animals written and performed by Pink Floyd share the same characteristic of scathing social commentary. The artworks also share an animal metaphor that serves to cast a dark light on human social interactions and stratification functions. Conversely, the artworks individually attack the diametrically opposed, socio-economic systems of communism (by Orwell) and capitalism (by Roger Waters). The artworks are individually astounding, but when viewed in tandem, alludes to the idea that socio-economic systems are still evolving and in time the terms capitalism and communism will be thought as ineffective as feudalism. The shared characteristics of social commentary and animal metaphor literally, are what make these particular artworks the amazing examples of their respective genres that they are. The animal metaphor tends to depict humans as being motivated by our animalistic desires, as well as the tendency among ourselves to be highly competitive and often, ruthless. In Animal Farm, Orwell puts the pigs as being the leaders, or the exploiters of the masses, depending on your point of view. Waters does the same in Animals, depicting the pigs as uncaring, self-involved, and overbearing masters of the masses. In both works, dogs are an enforcer-type, driven either by a sense of patriotism, honor, and pride, but also those misanthropes who relish in the power they have been given and enjoy abusing those weaker than themselves. The sheep are a shared characteristic of both works, depicting them as easily manipulated and led to the slaughter. The works diverge from one another in which philosophy they individually espouse. Orwell? s novel is an obvious attack against communism. The pig characters of the novel represent the political figures of the early days of the Soviet Union. Orwell goes on to depict the system of the so-called ? class-less? society as an incredible failure, while time would ultimately prove his early analysis as being correct. Any large-scale, highly organized society in all of human history has required social stratification, and Russia of the early twentieth century would prove to be no different. As with any society, those with power have been and still are tempted to abuse that power for their own individual ends, often at the expense of those that have granted them their power. Capitalism is not immune from this inherent flaw in social stratification either. Roger Waters, who wrote most of the music and all of the lyrics of Animals, viciously attacks capitalism and the illusion of equality. Within our own country, there are numerous occasions on which those with vast amounts of wealth and/or influence are given special treatment. Celebrities, athletes, and business magnates are among a few that are capable of getting a slap on the wrist, or complete immunity for actions that would land a ? nobody? in the nearest federal penitentiary faster than one could blink an eye. By and large, ours is not a society that practices equality, all the while saying that it does. Ours system is on level ground with communism for providing equality, especially when one views the international exploitation of resources and people by multi-national mega-conglomerates, the very embodiment of capitalism on a global scale. This is the ugly side of our system, and this is the full view that comes into focus when one experiences these artworks side by side, a stereoscopic view of the current, prominent socio-economic systems of this century. Neither provides for true equality, and they both exploit their masses, with essentially the same techniques of propaganda. It seems that capitalism won the twentieth century, but one never knows which way the masses will change over time. This is the scathing social commentary that is sometimes found at the foundation of good art, that will stir in some the consideration of the systems and powers of the day, and of the past.

The Mineral Resource Rent Tax in Australia

Introduction The following is an essay discussing the Mineral Resource Rent Tax introduced in Australia with the aim of ensuring that the mineral resources in Australia benefit citizens. This is because; they have benefited the mining companies due to the increase in the price of minerals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mineral Resource Rent Tax in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has especially affected large companies that deal with mining of coal and iron ore. The tax law gears towards utilization of the resources in a way that is reasonable and helpful to both the country and the mining industry in Australia. This essay will look into the effect of Mineral Resources Rent Tax on the accounting policies of the affected mining industry prior to the introduction of the tax and after the introduction of this tax. The essay will have a literature review on the effects of the mining industry on t he life of individuals as well as accounting policies of the affected companies. The essay will have a critical analysis of the tax and its effect on the mining companies as well as on the life of the people of Australia. The final part of the essay is the conclusion on the way forward. Literature Review The Mineral Resource Rent Tax is a tax proposed by the government of Australia on the mining companies, which extract non-renewable resources in Australia. Such minerals include iron ore and coal. The reason for this tax is that the mining industry is getting a lot of money due to the increased global prices of minerals. The government of Australia therefore found it prudent to ensure that the taxes or revenues collected by the government from the Taxes reflect the increased revenues from this industry. The revenues generated from such activities will improve the country’s infrastructure as well as ensuring that every citizen has benefited from the mineral resources available in the country. The government proposes to obtain forty per cent of the profits generated by these companies. This is because previously the companies were paying royalties to the government and they were smaller compared to the revenues generated (Mercer 2011). The proposal to do this has led to huge public debate on the effects of the Mineral Resource Rent Tax on the accounting policies of the affected companies. This is because the tax policy will change the accounting policies of the affected companies. The main argument however is on the implication of these changes and their effect in future accounting of the affected companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Previously, the mining companies were paying royalties to the government. The royalties were a fixed amount of money expected from the mining activities. These royalties are similar to federal taxes and they wer e not fully dependent on the amount of income generated from the sales of the minerals. However, the new tax policy on mineral resources will ensure that the companies pay tax according to their earnings. This has raised concerns from stakeholders on whether the tax will apply on the gross income or on the net income (Price Water House Coopers 2012). Concerning whether the MRRT is an income tax the Australian Accounting Standards Board interpreted the act as an income tax with respect to the previous Petroleum Rent Resource Tax because both are similar in many ways. The MRRT is therefore an income tax as it proposes taxation on the profits earned after deducting qualifying expenditure from the gross revenues. This then makes the tax an income tax according to the Australian Accounting Standards Board (Price Water House Coopers 2011). The other issue brought about by this bill is the accounting for transitional tax. This is because transitional tax requires accountability as well as time to ensure that there are no losses incurred from double taxation. MRRT tax requires the financial statements to reflect deferred tax accounting (Hughes 2011). The other tax accounting issue raised in The MRRT is the mining companies starting base. The starting base is the value of assets required by the company in order to start making profit. The companies must submit their assets value and the methodologies that they have used to determine the starting base. This aspect is raising a number of issues, as there is need for a standard methodology to evaluate the assets. This is because some of the companies may overvalue their assets with the aim of deferring their tax payment period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Mineral Resource Rent Tax in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since there is no formal starting base, it is wise for companies to start preparing their methodologies of calculating the assets and the starting base to ensure that there is appropriate response (Hughes 2011) This also raises another issue where mining companies may use the starting base to defer tax for a certain period. This is especially in situations where the government may not have formulated clear starting base. This may provide the mining companies with a tax holiday where they are not obliged to pay tax until their assets value reaches a particular point (Hughes 2011). When the market value methodology is used, the companies will be obliged to support their valuations as per the existing market value of their assets. It is necessary to note that the market value approach only applies to the existing projects. This means that the new projects will not feature as a starting base as soon as the bill comes into effect. This is because some companies may engage in start up projects to defer their tax payments for unspecified period. This is necessary to support the deferred tax balances and to enable the company prepare market valuations. This calls for the company to have asset valuations to estimate assets before the financial enactment of the bill (Blanchard 2011). The other issue raised by the bill regards the current treatment of the state royalties. Previously these royalties were pre tax costs deducted before as a pre tax cost. However, MRRT does not specify clearly calculation of these royalties. However, there are two options about how they may be treated. The first one is operational cost and therefore deducted as an expense before taxation. The other option that is very likely to apply is for the inclusion of royalties as part of the MRRT. This will mean that the royalties charged by the state and federal government will be part of the tax. This means that the forty percent will be inclusive of the state royalties’ deductions. There is need for clarification on the way to handle this to reduce ambiguity (Blanchard 2011). The other factor for considerati on regards the market value of the assets as the market value is ever rising or falling. There is need for a mechanism to determine the value of an asset as per the market value. This is important to ensure that there is cohesiveness between the entity and the government methods of determining the market value (Blanchard 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is need for the preparation of tax sharing agreements between the taxpayers such that the company receives issues or regulations in a way that is responsible. The agreement preparation regard the time in which the organization prepares for its time and opportunity of raking in revenues. This is because there are smaller mining companies affected by the PRRT and MRRT in various ways. The first issue of necessity is that of the fact that there is need to establish how tax deductions will be done (Blanchard 2011). Analysis of the MRRT The influence of Mineral Resource Tax has many ways of interpreting and calculating the payable taxes. This analysis will delve into the various points of view that are likely to occur resulting from the MRRT proposals with the first being deferred payments. In respect to the start up base where the company must indicate the initial capital invested in the project, new projects are not considered as starting base. Only the existing or ongoing projec ts will have the advantage of inclusion in the start up base. This is because there are some companies, which may take advantage of this exemption to find ways of having new projects such that this start up base allowance goes higher. The mining companies can however adopt different policies to incorporate the start up allowances (Donaldson 2011). The first view is that of the company treating the start up capital as a tax break. This is based on the interpretation that the start up capital of one million may mean that the company is exempted from paying taxes until it makes profit amounting to $ 1million. This view holds that the start up capital is a break or government allowances to enable the mining companies have their return on investment. This affects the manner in which the accounting policies have operated in the mining industry, as there were no such breaks. Tax calculations relied on the net income after deducting the operational expenses. It is imperative to note that th e normal taxation will apply soon after the start up capital utilization. The period in which the company takes to get to the start up base income is the tax holiday (Donaldson 2011). The other way in which the MRRT can apply is that the start up base may be a form of government grant to the mining industry to stimulate its performance. When viewed as a grant the companies may not defer their tax arrears but will continue to pay the taxes until such a time when the government refunds the tax to fit the grants given. This will be one of the ways in which the government can make foreign-based companies that are dissatisfied with the laws and they are looking for other countries with lenient taxation measures to remain in the country. The grant means that although the company pays its tax, the government augments the tax paid and exempts the company from paying the tax until a future date (Donaldson 2011). The question on how the MRRT will affect the accounting policies of the affected companies is important. The first effect of MRRT on the company’s accounting policies is creative accounting. There is high possibility that the mining companies will look for ways of sheltering their taxable income to ensure that they retain much of their profits. The creative accounting will involve several ways of reducing the amount paid to the government. The first manner that will apply concerning creative accounting is increasing the operational expenses. The affected companies may increase the operational expenses than the previous expenses indicated. The operational expenses such as the value of the machines and the value of the goods and services may indeed reflect a deduction in the manner in which the company operates. There is need for proper mechanisms concerning the financial reporting of expenses (Blanchard 2011). The other major aspect of the effects of MRRT is on earnings management policies. Earnings management refers to a situation where the company manip ulates its earnings in order to have a stable income projection aimed at boosting the investor confidence. Nevertheless earning management is likely to apply to the companies privately owned or not listed in the stock exchange. Public companies will have to pay their taxes, as they will have to apply different accounting policies, as the interest of the public investor is to have higher dividends. This will mean that such companies may not increase their operational costs to reduce the payable income as the interests are in the dividends not the value of capital (Blanchard 2011). While the company may increase their operational costs such as exploration and development, the Mineral Resource Rent Tax only considered the ongoing projects as exempt from the taxation. However, new projects may not qualify as a start up capital or operational expenses and they will therefore pay tax on such projects (Wood 2011) The role played by the earning management involves inappropriate estimate of liability. This is where the company underestimated its actual liabilities which it owed to the banks and other institutions. The companies may use excessive provisions to justify those practices in legal terms. This shows that the management irrespective of manipulating the figures are still within the legal provisions of the company and therefore they are not liable for of any wrongdoing. These legal provisions concerning the company assets and auditing structures create loopholes, which allow the manipulation of figures (Wood 2011) The MRRT will therefore affect the accounting procedures of the company especially the bookkeeping procedures. The bookkeeping enables the company to track its expenses, and profitability and look for situations where the company may be making losses. However, the earning management adopted by the companies to increase their operational expenses in order to benefit from the tax base assets may rob the investors their profits as dividends that accrue to the company from after tax profits. The book keeping policies of the company reflect the internal transactions of the company. For the company to operate effectively the records must be authentic and reflect real transactions of the company. Without this happening, there is likelihood that the company will not have the correct financial statements (Wood 2011). The other accounting policy that is important concerns the financial reporting procedures. This is where the MRRT policies will have effect. This is because the financial reports need to indicate the real financial position of the company in terms of the profits or losses. This is necessary to ensure that the policy benefits both the investor as well as the government (Eseinhardt 2011). Recommendations The Mineral Resource Rent Tax is indeed complicated taxation mechanism, which requires the affected companies to prepare their policies and make the necessary adjustments to cope with the changes. The companies will benefit fro m the policies to ensure that there is proper governance and timing for the necessary changes to take place (Eseinhardt 2011). The second manner of dealing with the MRRT is setting the assets base so that the company may benefit from the start up capital base. The investors in the mining companies are the greatest losers due to reduced dividend as a result of increased taxes. For the public investors to benefit, the earning management or creative accounting policies intended to reduce taxes payable to the government must be abolished to ensure that the investors benefit. This is the major reason why the bill has received opposition from the owners of the companies especially the public investors as this will reduce the huge dividends that they have been generating from the venture (Eseinhardt 2011). Companies must prepare and program themselves through training their accounting staff to handle the new accounting procedures as indicated by the MRRT. This is necessary, as it will ensu re that the companies involved anchor towards ensuring that the company aligns with the taxation recommendations of MRRT. The training will enable the companies to cope with the intense and rigorous evaluation process that is going to come after the bill is effected (Clark 2004). The company must also conduct prior valuation of their assets before the government comes in to value the assets to determine the start up base of the company. This is important in ensuring that the company has a proper estimation of its start up tax base before the financial year begins (Clark 2004). Informing the investors is also a very important aspect of the way forward in ensuring that the company aligns with the new tax proposals. The investors have to make decision on whether they want increased cost of operation for the company or higher divided. The increased operational costs may increase the share value of the company while reducing the taxes paid to the government as well as the amount of money that the shareholders or the investors will receive as dividends. It is therefore imperative for the mining companies to conduct meetings or seminars with their investors to inform them of the implications of MRRT on their entity. The shareholders then may decide the way forward, either to allow earning management or to pay the tax as it should be and continue to get more money (Clark 2011) There are however two options concerning the implication of MRRT on the revenues collected by the government resulting from the measures and the accounting polices which different companies will have. The first is that it may result to increased government revenues if the companies comply and treat the taxation recommendations as taxable income. Nevertheless, if the companies adopt earning management policies intended to make the companies shelve its income then the government will not collect as much revenues as anticipated. The investors may also decide to invest their money elsewhere if they feel that the taxes are high in comparison with other countries such as Columbia and Latin America. This may lead to closure of many mining companies that have threatened to do so in protest of the taxation law. This is because the tax will affect the cost of operation when there are state royalties that the mining companies pay to the state governments. The other aspect of consideration is that if the companies may decide to relocate there will be massive loss of jobs in mining as major industry in Australia (Clark 2011). However, the law intends to ensure that every Australian benefits from the resources available in the country. Most of the mining companies located in Australia are foreign based and the profits that they obtain from the venture benefit foreign countries. The Mineral Resource Rent Tax is therefore a milestone in ensuring that the mining industry contributes to the infrastructural development of the country. However, it is important to ensure that there is more cla rity concerning the manner of paying tax (Clark 2011). Conclusion Taxation is a major part of accounting and the taxation measures and procedures adopted by a government determines the policies which the companies affected by the measures adopt. The taxation policies proposed by the Mineral Resource Rent Tax law will affect the terms of taxation policies especially on how to account for the start up base capital. The other way is adopting the best means of ensuring profitability without increasing operational costs. The third way is reducing profits by increasing the company equity. MRRT will change the accounting policies of the affected companies. The investigations on the effects of MRRT on the accounting procedures of the mining companies are of importance to all stakeholders in the mining industry and the people of Australia. References Blanchard, T 2011, Preparing for MRRT: Deloitte’s perspective, Deloitte Australia, pp. 4-11 Clark, T 2004, Theories of corporate governa nce: The philosophical foundations of corporate governance, Rutledge, London. Clark. T 2011, Mineral resource taxes in information age, Long Range Planning Publication, pp.1 Donaldson. L 2012, MMRT on governance and shareholder returns, Academy Of Management Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 5. Eisenhardt, K 2011, An assessment and review of MRRT, Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, pp. 57-74 Hughes, S 2011, Effects of MRRT on public shareholders, Earnest and Young Reports, pp.1-8 Mercer, P 2011, Australia new mining tax and its implications, International Resource Journal, vol. 11 pp. 2-3 Price Water House Coopers 2011, Complexity of MMRT on accounting policies, Price Water House Coopers Reports, pp. 1-17 Price Water House Coopers 2012, Complexity of MMRT on accounting policies, Price Water House Coopers Reports, Vol. 2, pp.1-8 Wood, L 2011, Implications of mineral resources rent tax, Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney. This essay on The Mineral Resource Rent Tax in Australia was written and submitted by user Ray Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Does Gambling Effect The Economy Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

How Does Gambling Effect The Economy? How Does Gambling Effect Society? It's just another Saturday night in just about any common town in America. The family sits around the television discussing how much money the twenty tickets in their hands are going to make them. The jackpot is fourteen million. Before the numbers have been shown, the family discusses how to spend the money and how much better their lives are going to be after they win the money. Then finally, the moment of truth. The numbers come across the screen. The first one matches so does the third and the fourth. Well we didn't win this time but we're getting closer. I know if we just buy a few more tickets, next time we're bound to win, Mother says. Many Americans feel the same way. The lottery stands at the top of the gambling industry for several reasons. In the words of one lottery director: Lotteries are different from any other form of gaming product. Lottery players risk a small amount of money against very long odds to win a large prize, with net proceeds going to the public's good (Jones, 9). With lotteries operating in 37 states and in the District of Columbia, Lotteries are the most widespread form of gambling in the United States. Of all the other forms of gambling, it is the only one the majority of adults report having played. It is also the only form of gambling in the U.S. that is a virtual government monopoly. State lotteries have the worst odds of any common form of gambling, but they also promise the greatest potential payoff to the winner in absolute terms, with prizes usually amounting to tens of millions of dollars. Many Americans actually believe that they will win millions. What they don't know is that with most state lotteries their chanc es of winning are approximately 1in12-14 million. While many good things come from gambling, there is a downside to everything. In this case, many examples of addiction exist. Along with this addiction to gambling a lot of neglect arises not only of other financial responsibilities but neglect of the gambler's family and friends. Another problem that will be discussed is the problem of underage gambling. This research paper will show you the downsides of gambling in today's society. One downfall of gambling, for instance, the sale of lottery games to minors is illegal in every state; yet, by all measures, there sales are commonplace. A survey in Minnesota of 15- to 18-year-olds found that 27% had purchased lottery tickets for themselves (Gearey, 19). Even higher levels 32%, 34%, and 35% in Louisiana, Texas, and Connecticut, respectively (Wallisch, 78). In Massachusetts, Connecticut, and other states, lottery tickets are available to the general public through self-service vending machines. It is not surprising then that a survey conducted by the Massachusetts Attorney General's office found that minors as young as 9 year-old were able to place bets on keno games. Seventy five percent of Massachusetts's high school seniors report having played the lottery (Shaffer, 9). Ironically, since the lottery money goes to help the children's education, then the kids are helping pay for their own schooling. Also growing evidence reveals another downfall. The new games the lotteries have introduced to increase sales are more addictive and are compounding the problem of compulsive gamblers; yet few states offer help and money for the treatment of the compulsion. Dr. Lance Dodes, Director of the Center of Problem Gambling at Mt. Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, estimates that 40% of his patients are lottery players (Halbfinger and Golden, Lottery, A1). A 1996 survey in New York found that 9% of lottery players and 14% of keno in particular fosters the addiction (Golden and Halbfinger, Addiction, A1). One study of the effect of Video Lottery Terminals (VTLs) on compulsive gamblers found that the number of individuals in South Dakota seeking treatment for problem gambling declined significantly during a temporary downtime for the lottery's VTL's, and rose shortly once they were returned to service (Carr, et al, 31). The compulsion is widely recognized, even by those in the industry. Gambling, including playing the lottery, is extremely addictive and is dangerous and destructive for some people. The new

Yellow Fever Causes, Symptoms and Effects

Yellow Fever Causes, Symptoms and Effects Yellow fever is an acute viral disease caused by infected mosquitoes found in tropical regions and is usually characterized by such systemic symptoms as hemorrhaging, vomiting and yellowing skin. The yellow fever is common in tropical regions, but it is important to state that it is not the same as malaria despite the fact that the two diseases have similar symptoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Fever Causes, Symptoms and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of these similarities, many people think that yellow fever and malaria are the same disease. This essay will highlight the causes, symptoms and effects of yellow fever while trying to explain why yellow fever is not the same as malaria. The areas of origin of the yellow fever virus are regions of East and Central Africa. The disease was originally referred to as black vomit since the most widespread symptom was vomiting of blood. The yellow fever disease was first reported in the 15th century, and that is when the world came to discover the fatal nature of it. The mosquito species that spread yellow fever are found in tropical climate and that is why many victims of this disease are from South America and Africa. Yellow fever is a viral disease and therefore its rate of infection is always very high compared to malaria. The contagious nature of yellow fever made the authorities in affected areas put quarantine in place to stop further spread of the disease. The number of deaths associated with yellow fever has been brought under control by concerted efforts put in place by medical researchers who have developed various medications and vaccines. The yellow fever virus enters the host’s cells and replicates itself in form of a viral genome which later matures into an infectious virion that makes a person experience some initial symptoms. The yellow fever virus is of the Flaviviridae family found mostly in female m osquitoes. These mosquito species act as a vector for the yellow fever virus which is transmitted to the victim through a byte. The incubation period of yellow fever is between three to six days. The yellow fever disease has three stages which are different from each other because of the varying symptoms. The initial stage is known as the infection stage and is associated with symptoms such as vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, headache and sudden fever. These symptoms tend to disappear after three or four days.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second stage is known as the remission stage, as all the symptoms disappear. Victims of yellow fever can recover during the second stage or the situation can get worse if the initial symptoms go beyond the first day. The third and final stage of yellow fever is referred to as the intoxication stage. At this stage, the diseas e starts affecting body organs. The heart, liver, and kidney are the most affected organs. Severe symptoms such as delirium, seizures and bleeding disorders are normally experienced at this stage. There are many symptoms of the yellow fever and most of them lead to severe complications. It is advisable to seek medical attention during the infection stage to avoid severe complications experienced at the intoxication stage. Some of the severe symptoms are blood vomiting, kidney and heart failure, yellow skin, liver failure and coma. It is important to note that yellow fever is an acute disease which effects should not be underestimated. The severe symptoms associated with yellow fever have adverse effects on the ill persons body. To begin with, symptoms, such as fever and vomiting, lead to dehydration and the situation worsens when person starts vomiting blood. During the final stage of yellow fever, vital body organs such as heart, kidney and liver may fail to function which leads to death. The treatment of heart and kidney conditions is very expensive and can therefore make the victim struggle economically. Yellow fever has caused economic hardship and misery to those victims who are unable to afford medication. Yellow fever is a widespread disease in the third world countries because the funds meant for development projects are diverted to yellow fever treatment and prevention. The fatality rate of yellow fever is very high compared to malaria because malaria is not contagious. The severity of yellow fever has made governments spend a lot on preventing the spread of the disease. The fact that yellow fever is a contagious disease makes its treatment even more expensive. Yellow fever has many direct and indirect effects on the lives of victims and it is therefore very important to initiate appropriate actions aimed at eradicating this disease. In order to effectively deal with yellow fever, proper diagnosis should be done using the right methods to avoid misdia gnosis and misunderstanding. Misdiagnosis of yellow fever is a fatal error because the disease is contagious and can end up taking more lives that could have been saved through proper diagnosis of a suspected case. Regional outbreaks of yellow fever can occur in a result of mild symptoms associated with the disease and it is therefore vital to treat suspected cases immediately. It takes six to ten days to confirm if a person has been infected with yellow fever or not. It necessary for doctors to conduct a direct clinical diagnosis that involves isolating the virus that causes yellow fever.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Fever Causes, Symptoms and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indirect methods of diagnosing yellow fever are not very reliable since the yellow fever virus cross-reacts with other viruses. In order to differentiate the yellow fever virus from other viruses, special diagnosis is normall y carried out. The majority of yellow fever cases are diagnosed by conducting a postmortem on a victim’s body. Since yellow fever was first discovered, medical experts have come up with various forms of treatment. Vaccination is one of the main measures developed in order to prevent the spread of the disease. It has become compulsory in some regions which is a clear indication that some authorities take the disease seriously. Conventional methods of eliminating mosquitoes are also applied in order to deal with the yellow fever vector.

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Psychology - Essay Example From among the known brain functions, this paper chooses to discuss memory and how it can be improved through the reading of newspapers. Unlike the other sources of news and information that are used at intervals, newspaper reading is a daily activity and thus expected to work better in enhancing memory, which some psychologists say can be done through frequent repetition (Anderson, 1976). Three distinct types of memory are set in the psychology literature: sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Memory is considered sensory when people see more than they can actually report (Baddeley, 2000), suggesting that information is received through the senses and emotions rather than through the brain. Consequently, it involves a memory span of only a few hundred milliseconds and a capacity of only about 12 items (Anderson, 1976). As such, this type of memory degrades quickly. There is a similar limitation in capacity for short-term memory although the duration extends up to a minute. As for long-term memory, it can store much larger quantities of information for prolonged periods of time, sometimes even for a whole life span. This type of memory can either be declarative or procedural, which differ in the way the mind processes information. It is declarative when, like sensory memory, information is received based on sensations, emotions and personal associations regarding time or place, while it is procedural when memory functions well because of repetition (Snowden, 2001). Whatever the types of memory people are prone to, many studies show that memory functions can be improved through rehearsal and repetition. This means that people with sensory and short-term memory can store information for long-term purposes if they receive it repeatedly and they are forced to retrieve the information for daily use (Baddeley, 2000). Not all psychologists share this view,

How Discovery of Oil Has Affected State Building of Saudi Arabia Essay

How Discovery of Oil Has Affected State Building of Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The post-World War II period of growing demand for cheap and reliable suppliers of oil for rebuilding Europe was a great boost to the unity of the Saudi Arabian regions, and to the developing oil industry in the state. The attractive revenues that were realized during the reign of Abd al Aziz Al ibn Abd (1932-1953), strengthened his position and gave him the power to exert a higher political and economic influence over his territories (Country Studies par 4). The Saudi state became the pervasive economic change agent, replacing the initially differentiated economy with one that relied entirely upon the state's expenditure. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the rapid increase in oil prices enabled the Saudi state to meet its long-term financial obligations (Country Studies par 9). The huge oil revenues, in addition to delays in expenditures and the Saudi economy's restricted absorptive capacity, brought about large financial surpluses in the economy. Majority of these surpluses were inves ted in reputable international financial institutions and securities. The state is one of the leaders in the oil market in the 1990s, found it hard to diversify its economy (Country Studies par 6). This government has however, raised the average living standards of Saudi citizens’ to among the best globally, and established excellent infrastructural facilities and social services for its people. Being the major source of revenue, the oil industry has been an area of keen interest to the government.

Desert Food Web Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desert Food Web - Assignment Example Plants such as brittlebushes, creosote bush, bur sage, catclaw, mesquite, rabbit brushes, lyceums, and jujube are abundant in deserts and these are the primary producers in this biome. The primary consumers include rabbits, kangaroo rats, grasshoppers, and ants, etc. The secondary consumers include lizards, snakes, and birds such as burrowing owls and mammals such as bats (craigmarlatt.com). Further, the energy passes on to the tertiary consumers such as the mountain lion, hawks, coyote and the scavengers. In recent decades, human impact on most of the biomes is well recorded. Even with the extreme climatic conditions, today desert dwellers make up about one percent of the world population. As a result of this, there is exploitation of several natural resources and even extinction of species. Human interferences can be seen in the form of agricultural activities, construction, oil and mineral exploitation, roads and transportation, etc. Agriculture demands water supply and the digging of wells has caused the groundwater table to drop in several desert regions. Oil and minerals exploitation takes several million years for its replenishment. There are hardly any regions of the world where humans have not made any changes or human impact is not visible. Desert landscapes have also been changed such as way that desert has turned green with the farmers using irrigation from underground sources as well as rivers. Inland waterways and pipes fetch water from remote rivers to these farms and the manmade vegetation is making use of the abundant mineral source for growth. Further, the oil and mining business support the construction of roads and infrastructures development. Residential apartments for workers and staffs and the air pollution through vehicles have also increased tremendously. Together with the agricultural activities, the increased grazing also posed a threat to the natural desert biomes.  

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Malaysia

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Malaysia Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) implied that the firms consideration of, and response to, issues beyond the narrow economic, technical and legal requirements of the firm and to accomplish social benefits along with the traditional economic gains which the firms seek.(Husted 2003). The inception and framework of CSR was first created by the European Union in promoting the CSR to the environment and society that is related to business. European Commission (2001) defined CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis that by developing awareness and responsibility that leads to enhance the success of the business. CSR implementation can be divided in two areas which are Internal and external. In internal area, CSR practices basically deals with the people that are related to the business internally such as employees and any other issues that is involved to the management of the production and resources such as safety environment and health assurance in investing in human capital. On the other hand, in external area, the socially responsibilities involved a large range of stakeholders to the company business such as suppliers, customers, government and shareholders. CSR is defined as open and transparent business practices that are based on ethical values and respect for the community, employees, the environment, shareholders and other stakeholders. It is designed to deliver sustainable value to society at large. CSR supports Triple Bottom Line reporting which emphasizes the economic, social and environmental bottom-line wellness. CSR goes beyond compliance to laws. And we wish to emphasizes this. It is important to avoid a legalistic way of thinking when considering CSR. There is no universal approach to CSR. Companies are free to adopt what suits them. However there are some basic concepts that cut across all definitions and these should be considered in crafting a companys CSR vision. CSR is not about compliance or philanthropy or public relations. It often involves cultural transformation in a company as it integrates CSR concepts into its operations and decision making. Vitally, CSR involves communicating the companys actions to its stakeho lders and encouraging their feedback. Only in this way can a company have a dynamic and relevant CSR vision. Literature Review In Malaysia, the disclosure of CSR on annual report is voluntary. The choice of social issues disclosed tends to reflect the Malaysian Governments priority or the particular obligations which companies have. Corporate Social Disclosure (CSD) may have the potential to strengthen stakeholder relationships as reporting promotes corporate transparency and instills greater confidence and trust amongst stakeholders. CSD represents an additional channel for engaging stakeholders in a dialogue, and it enables companies to identify and address key issues of concern to their stakeholders. CSR disclosure has been the subject of substantial academic accounting research (Farook and Lanis 2005; Gray, Owen and Maunders 1987), however, while there has been research relating to annual reports in general, little has been undertaken focusing on CSR disclosure by PLCs, which can influence many people in society, view their social responsibility, and if indeed they discharge their social accountability b y voluntarily disclosing CSR information (Gray, Kouhy and Lavers 1995). Announcement of YAB Prime Ministers Budget 2007 has stated the requirement for all Public Listed Company (PLC) to disclose any CSR activities in the Company Annual Report and to adopt and manage the CSR activities in their own business practices. There is also stated the Bursa Malaysias CSR framework for PLCs guideline in promoting CSR practices. Bursa Malaysia CSR framework has outlined 3 critical elements in CSR practice. The first element is the establishment framework created from the national policies and aspirations, so that the establishment of CSR is towards to national goals and objectives. The second element is the flexibility of the disclosure framework. PLCs are required to disclose CSR statement in the company annual report. The framework gives opportunity to PLCs to practice CSR in their own creativity and action as they manage the best action for the company. Lastly, this framework is not just a step by step prescription but it is a guideline for the PLCs in promoting CSR practices. This is important for the company to establish efficient CSR practices and policies. Every PLCs need to create their own creative and effective CSR practices relevance to the framework guidelines. The Bursa Malaysia CSR Framework looks at 4 main focal areas for CSR practice. They are the environment, the workplace, the community and the marketplace, in no order of priority. In the environment area, CSR focus on a variety of issues such as the use of energy on how the company allocates its usage effectively and to reduce any damages that can adverse effect to environment. In the community area, the relation of the company and the community is a two way communication. For example supporting employee involvement in community issues enriches the community and the company. Companies can be creative in looking at how they can contribute to children, youth development and the under-privileged. The opportunities for company interaction with the community are vast. In the marketplace area, the important stakeholders such as shareholders, suppliers, and customers can be identified so that companies can interact responsibly with this group in a number of ways, such as raising the standar ds of Corporate Governance within the company so that it meets shareholder expectations is a further consideration. Lastly, is in the workplace area. Employees are drawn from society and so everything that related to staff needs to be socially responsible, whether we are dealing with basic human rights or gender issues. A quality work environment and health safety are obvious considerations in inculcating in the employees and the values which the company holds dear if the CSR is practiced in that company. A company should focus on areas such as economic, environmental and social when developing sustainability strategy (Szekely Knirsch 2005). Sustainability strategy development can be based on legitimacy, economic and social theories. These theories explain social disclosures pattern by organizations (Haniffa Cooke 2005) and thus, practicing of CSR. Legitimacy theory is whereby corporate social disclosures were motivated by the corporate need to legitimize activities (Hogner 1982). This is where corporate management will react to community expectations (Guthrie Parker, 1989). Thus, companies are expected to carry out activities that are acceptable by the community. Corporate social disclosure can be used to appease some of the concerns of the relevant publics and also as a proactive legitimation strategy to obtain continued inflows of capital and to please ethical investors (Haniffa Cooke 2005). Second, economic theory reflects the degree of association of CSR and financial perform ance by taking consideration of cost-related advantages, market advantages and reputation advantages (Chamhuri Wan Noramelia 2004). In the business, CSR is concerned with employment, lifelong learning, consultation and participation of workers, equal opportunities and integration of people towards restructuring and industrial change to promote quality and diversity in the workplace and health and safety strategy. Lastly, the social issues include the benefits offered in terms of training related to safety, health and environment, donations, education scheme, medical benefits and others. (Chamhuri Wan Noramelia 2004). Environmental issues emphasize on preserving and conserving natural resources such as conducting recycling activities, water and process treatment and compliance with authority regulations and requirements. Many enterprises recognized the importance of their responsibilities towards the environment and take them seriously by setting targets for continually improving t heir performance while ensuring the compliance with all relevant legislation. Organizations also have a range of impacts on the communities within which they operate and in at least some measures, disclosed these issues in their own CSR reports and information. CSR social activities may include charitable contributions to local and national organizations such as fundraising, donations and gifts in areas where it trades and others like regeneration of deprived communities, reclamation of derelict land and creation of new regeneration jobs. Development of strategies and programs on social and environmental issues enabled firms to gain close relationship with community. Firms could take initiatives by conducting campaigns, seminars, workshops and giving donation to the society. This way enables a company to meet its CSR commitment and indirectly acts as a marketing and promotional strategy. As the result, higher market share can be obtained, which lead to higher revenues from larger sales. Policies, strategies and programs that are associated with social activities can be used to indicate the level of CSRs commitment of an organization. Organizations too, need to meet the customers demand and expectations. As to maintain good relationship and attract more customers, enterprises are taking initiatives to fulfill the demand of providing such information. For instance, eco-labeling is a way of communicating organizations social responsibility to public. Besides, CSR is also concerned with employment, equal opportunities and integration of people towards restructuring and industrial change. Employees who feel protected and appreciated will increase their productivity in production and thus, achieving economies of scale. Comparable in CSR Perspective of KFC Holdings (M) Bhd PJ Development Holdings Bhd KFC Holdings (M) Bhd KFC Holdings take into account the priority of CSR by continuing put a great emphasis on conducting business in a responsible and ethical way. From improvement on their products and services to helping the communities in which they operate, they continue to seek out ways to enrich the responsibility to their stakeholders. In ways of strengthening local communities, promoting equal opportunities in the workplace, developing human capital, enhancing customers experience and improving the lives around the company. The Board and management at KFCH will continue to adhere to the values of responsibility, integrity and compassion in all areas of our business. In doing so, they are determined to make a positive contribution to society while building confidence and goodwill among stakeholders. To achieve this they adhere to wide-ranging Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs spread out over six pillars. These are, to champion the Halal cause, to improve educational standards, to encourage entrepreneurial development, to promote a healthy lifestyle, to foster a sense of national unity, and to help the less fortunate. KFCH has disclosed their CSR activities in Annual Report 2009 by following the 4 main local area as stated by Bursa Malaysias CSR Frameworks. The first area is community. KFCH remains committed towards giving, whenever the opportunity arises, to anyone in need of a helping hand and recently, KFCH proposed the incorporation of Yayasan Amal Bistari, a corporate foundation which will be the means through which CSR activities, endeavours and programmes of all KFCH entities and brands are carried out. Projek penyayang is held by giving KFC to the less fortunate, the elderly and orphans throughout Malaysia, every quarter of the year. KFCH also held Walk For Charity and giving aid where needed in support of Hunger Relief 2009. KFCH, Johor Corporation and Bistari young entrepreneur Sdn Bhd (Bye), the developers and marketeers of Catur Bistari, signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) that will allow KFC to sell the Cilik Bistari board game, a simplified version of Catur Bistari for younger children, at all its outlets. The KFC sailing team raced alongside other competitors at every regatta organized by the Malaysian yacht Associatio n. Elsewhere, KFC futsal teams competed with the best in the JKing Futsal Challenge Johor 2009, as well as i-Futsal championship organized by Harian Metro. KFC also involved with International Kite Festival in Pasir Gudang, Johor and Bintulu, Sarawak. KFCH also held Annual Buka Puasa session at Ayamas Port Klang in 2009 and saw a turnout of over 2,500 employees and were joined by 400 orphans who received goodie bags and food from KFC and RasaMas. KFCH had the privilege of sponsoring two episodes of Tijarah Ramadhan, a television program dedicated to featuring companies which donate to the underprivileged. Second area is marketplace. KFCH interacts and communicate with customers, suppliers, governmental and non-governmental bodies and observe how corporate initiatives and products affect the communities and the environment. Marketplace CSR initiatives include programs towards improving Halal standards and building future entrepreneurs. KFCH participated in the World Halal Forum, which participation was in the form of sponsorship and product showcase. KFCH once again participated in Malaysias largest food and beverage exhibition and the worlds largest international Halal trade fair by setting up a booth and promoting Halal certified products and services to the thousands of visitors from all over the world. KFCH also participate in Halal Food Standards Realisation (Hafstar) event organized throughout the country to promote Malaysian Halal Standards and to regularise and discuss the standard procedures of handling, processing and storing of food based on Shariah and Malaysian Standards. The Gerak Usahawan Siswa initiative was undertaken in the hope of imparting an interest in business and entrepreneur development amongst university students. The Group collaborates with the Bistari Young Entrepreneur Sdn Bhd in mentorship programmes and educational lectures that help develop young Malaysian entrepreneurial talents. This includes the Tunas Bistari, Didik Bistari and Siswa Bistari Entrepreneur Programmes. The third area is workplace. KFCH has more than 18,000 employees go to work every day striving to be the best in the business. KFCH implement varios of activities to create individuals who are the best-in-class in their awareness, capability, proficiency and drive for success. KFCH implement Pedoman 2009, the annual event to appreciate their employees loyalty and effort. The one day event was attended by all Restaurant Managers from KFC, Pizza Hut, RasaMas and Kedai Ayamas, as well as support staff from all over the country. KFC and Pizza Hut organized the National Champs Challenge in Kuala Lumpur with the best of the best from Restaurant Managers and staff coming together to play off intensely in the final rounds, competing to emerge as National Champions and represent Malaysia at the Regional Champs Challenge. KFCH also carried out the Management Associated Program to recruit new graduates who have now become part of our permanent staff. KFCH also held annual Hari Mekar competition as teams from throughout the Group battled it out in various categories in an effort to be crowned the Overall Champions. The winners then represented KFCH at the Grand Finals of Hari Mekar organised by Johor. The last area is the environment. KFCH conscious of the responsibility towards the environment and as such have taken steps to understand and minimize the impact of ther business on the environment without compromising operational standards or shareholder value. A major environmental challenge that has been undertaken continues to be in the area of waste water management. This waste water management measure has been undertaken by KFCH plants that have problems with waste water such as Ayamas Port Klang, Ayamas Bandar Tenggara, Johor, Bakery Outlet at Kompleks KFC Glenmarie and Region Food Industries. These KFC plants and outlets have been treats the final discharge waste water in compliance with the DOE Standard for discharge. KFCH also agreed with proposed treatment process will use the Biological Treatment System, which uses a UASB (Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Bed) and AICAR (Alternative Intermittent Cyclic Reactor) and also using a chemical and bio treatment continuous processor, the plant treats 250 cubic meters per day. PJ Development Holdings Bhd On the other hand, PJHD outlined the CSR events in their annual report 2009. These CSR activities are Bukit Bintang Central Gotong Royong, Charity Christmas Carolers, Charity Outreach Project to Trinity Childrens Centre, Christmas Cheer with House of Joy, Beach Gotong Royong, Mooncake Festival Celebration, Earth Day, Turtle Conservation Week, PJD Green the Day, PJD Kids, Tree Planting, Charity Buka Puasa, Blood Donation Drives and Provision of Garbage Compactor Recycle Bins. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities for PJD Group have become more focused in the last financial year under review. PJDH efforts in becoming a more responsible corporate citizen have led us to contribute more towards the well-being of the community surrounding us. In community area, PJDH held activities such as outings and festive cheers with orphanages continue to be on each of our divisions CSR agenda. On a Group basis, they organized an outing with 4 orphanages, namely the Sinthamani Divine Life Ashram, Rumah Amal Baitul Kasih, Lifesprings Childrens Welfare Home and Good Samaritan Home and other charity drives raising over RM40,000. In workplace area, the Group also organized several Blood Donation Drives throughout all its office locations nationwide. The blood donation drives conducted at our head office, branches, factory and hotels were well participated by employees, friends and public alike and that will be a regular activity on PDH CSR agenda. In environment are, the Group still maintains its CSR programs to protect the environment such as provision of garbage and recycle bins, recycling rain water, recycling excess concrete in our construction sites and championing the localized version of the United Nations Local Agenda 21 Waste Management Project within the Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur area and Green Tree Planting Day. PJD Group now has an internal CSR portal where all CSR activities are shared amongst all office locations. Given the fantastic response, this portal has proven its role in encouraging employees to contribute ideas toward developing initiatives that benefit the Group and its stakeholders in line with our CSR slogan, Together We Build a Brighter Future. Conclusion Both of the company fulfilled the CSRs frameworks as stated by the Bursa Malaysia which are the environment, the workplace, the community and the marketplace except for PJDH that did not disclosed any marketplace area of CSR

Half Caste and Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes :: John Agard Lawrence Ferlinghetti Culture Essays

Half Caste and Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes Of the two poems from the other cultures booklet, I have decided to compare â€Å"Half-caste† by John Agard and â€Å"Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes† by Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In this essay I will discuss the meaning of the two poems and what the poet is trying to get the reader to think and / or realise. The poem describes four people held together for a moment at a red traffic light. There are two scavengers, garbage men 'on their way home' after their round, and two beautiful people, an elegant couple 'on the way to his architect's office'. The garbage men’s day ends where the young couple's begins. The poet compares the two pairs in detail, and then seems to ask - at the end of the poem - whether America really is a democracy. The poem's structure is fairly free. The poet doesn't use punctuation; instead, he begins a new line when he wants us to pause in our reading. This slows the poem down and gives us time to appreciate each idea. The poem appears very fragmented on the page. This might suggest the fragmented or 'broken' nature of society? The language used in this poem is used in different ways to convey his ideas. For example; the title shows us straight away that the poem will be about the contrasts between two pairs of people. ‘Scavengers’ is a belittling term for the garbage men because it suggests that they live off the rubbish of others - a scavenger beetle lives off rotting flesh. However, Beautiful People is a compliment. So, right from the start, we feel the garbage men are at a disadvantage. In line 7 Ferlinghetti writes the garbage men are 'looking down' into the Mercedes. This is literally because the garbage truck is taller than the car; there is a hidden ironic message too. You might have expected the rich couple to 'look down on' the garbage men, not the other way round. The descriptions of the four people are very visual, making it easy to imagine the scene. Appearances tell us a lot. The rich couple are very fashionable: he has an expensive 'hip three-piece linen suit' (line 11) while her blond hair is 'casually coifed' (line 13). On the other hand, the garbage men are grungy (line 17). The younger one has sunglasses & long hair (line 24) just like the Mercedes driver, which forces us to compare the two. The poem wants us to seriously consider how different two people of the same age and race could be so

Analytical Essay – Even Wives Want a Wife

Even Wives Want a Wife In today’s society the wife is seen as the member of the household that upkeeps the house and caters to other’s needs. Who wouldn’t want one of these of their own? In â€Å"I Want a Wife† the author Judy Brady sarcastically explains why everyone would want a wife. She begins with a story of how a friend of hers is newly single and he is looking for â€Å"a wife† although in reality he wants a servant; Brady then realizes that she too wants a wife of her own (Brady 542).The main points made in the essay are what the wife would do for the author such as household chores, taking care of children, catering to her friends and many other satirical duties. All the while several literary devices are used to enhance the article. She uses these elements to show sexist and selfish ideas of men that are prevalent in society. â€Å"I Want a Wife† efficiently reasons for how the male gender generalizes the role of a wife in a sexist way in our society by making use of ethos, logos, pathos, satire and repetition.Ethos is used in the essay as Brady is a wife herself. Since she is she must have a certain expertise of being a wife. As she states in one of the beginning paragraphs â€Å"I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a wife. And, not altogether incidentally I am a mother† (Brady 542). This shows her credibility; that all the jobs and duties she mentioned must have been personally experienced by her. The many jobs and chores discussed make the audience feel sympathy for wives and the author herself through pathos.The author concludes the essay by saying â€Å"My god, who wouldn’t want a wife† (Brady 544)? This rhetorical question allows the readers to determine that this idea is wrong and treats women like a lesser being compared to men. The ending also evokes the reader to take action towards the topic. The author utilizes logos by stating many facts such as jobs women often do while speaking through experience. She lists all of these over exaggerated duties to indirectly saying that women are expected to do too much in today’s society.Brady speaks of several seemingly unethical chores like cleaning the house, preparing dinner to serve to friends and not speaking when the husband is talking (Brady 543). This helps get her point across by exaggeration to show how the wife is expected to have a servant like persona. Brady uses satire from the beginning of the essay to the very end of it. It is mainly used to show a male viewpoint of a wife. â€Å"And I want a wife who understands that my sexual needs may entail more than strict adherence to monogamy.I must, after all, be able to relate to people as fully as possible† (Brady 544). Here the author satirizes the man’s view of what the wife must do and what he should be able to do, which in this case is have various partners. The use of satire is very effective in this article demonstrating how a man expects to have a perfect wife further illustrating the author’s image of sexism in society. Repetition is used in several of the author’s paragraphs. â€Å"I want a wife† (Brady 543) is used in the beginning of a few paragraphs to catch your eye and to get Brady’s idea burnt into your brain.This also helps as a smooth transition for the many duties described that the wife must do. Continually stating this phrase raises the thoughts of the audience making them want a wife as well. The author made fantastic use of literary devices throughout the essay. The effectiveness of satire to me was the most powerful using it to demonstrate how men expect so much from women and how many of the duties they perform are almost slave like. Ethos, logos and pathos were used successfully in many instances that appealed to the senses.As Brady is a wife and mother herself this make her a credible source so she clearly knows what she is speaking of. There was emotional appeal making the audience sympathize for the wife and feel anger towards men. Logic was used to show the wife’s duties and what their husbands expect of them. In conclusion I thought this was a very well thought out and written article because it attempts to make the reader want to take action against the topic through all of these elements.

Agency Theory and Corporate Governance

Agency Theory and Corporate Governance Introduction Stakeholders, management, and employees are fundamental parties of organizations, who work collectively to achieve the same goals. The shareholders, who are the main owners of organizations, have a working relationship with the managers, as they always urge the management to strive towards achieving the organizations’ goals and objectives. The agency theory elucidates the relationship that exists between the shareholders and the executives of the company. Shareholders and principals are concerned with daily activities of organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Theory and Corporate Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conversely, many shareholders perceive that managers do not work towards achieving the goals of organizations. Instead, shareholders hold that managers use their positions as opportunities of achieving their personal goals. Therefore, a values conflict arises betw een the owners and the principals of organizations. Consequently, the conflict compels shareholders to control and oversee the operations of organizations through corporate governance. Thus, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the conflict of values between the shareholders and the managers. The Components of Values Conflict In organizations, conflict of values occurs when shareholders, who are the owners of organizations, develop a feeling that managers, who are responsible for the daily activities of organizations, are using their positions as avenues of achieving their personal objectives. Values conflict is associated with managers who use the organizations to meet their own objectives, instead of the values that shareholders have concerning the organizations. Stakeholders perceive that managers do not invest enough time, money, and efforts in boosting organizations to achieve essential growth and development. Conversely, some managers perceive that shareholders want the org anizations to achieve their own interests at the expense of employees. Protagonists believe that shareholders only think about revenues and profit margins of the organizations, but not the overall welfare of the workforce and sustainability of the organizations. Some components of the values conflict include the perceptions held by shareholders and the management concerning administration of the organizations, the attitudes of the shareholders and managers, the level of suspicion among the parties involved, and the arguments presented by the parties. The Reasons and Rationalizations that the Protagonist Must Counter From the shareholders perspective, managers do not invest enough efforts, money, and time towards organizations’ performance without external control and the application of corporate governance. Instead, managers use their positions to meet their own interests, a behavior deemed as opportunistic by shareholders. Therefore, shareholders observe that devoid of effec tive corporate governance, managers cannot sustain organizations to survive in the competitive markets. Shareholders fear that organizations can fail to maintain their market share, and consequently collapse. According to managers, organizations can always succeed through the efforts that employees and the management apply, but not through external incentives such as performance based pay, which aims at increasing organizational performance. Managers believe that the main goals of the organizations are not profits and revenues, but sustainability and the capacity for delivering the best products that meet the needs of consumers. According to the protagonists, the reasons and rationalizations that shareholders need to understand is that the nature of competitive organizations is achievable through passion, willingness, and collective cooperation among stakeholders. Thus, protagonists believe that incentives from shareholders are not practical strategies of improving organizational pe rformance in a sustainable manner.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What Key Parties Will Gain or Lose from Corporate Governance? In successful organizations, shareholders reap benefits, as they receive increased dividends and profits that accrue in these organizations. Consequently, managers and employees experience the accomplishments and receive incentives such as promotions, rewards, and increased remuneration. Among organizations, success transpires when managers and employees work hard, deliver products of the desired quality to consumers, and undertake the right measures geared towards organizational performance. However, protagonists perceive that incentives proposed by stakeholders to enhance performance will hamper organizational growth and development. Incentive contract dictates that the higher the fixed pay or salary, the lower the performance of manage rs in achieving organizational goals. From the incentives, managers and employees will only focus on the requirements of the shareholders, who will dictate the organizational development towards their preferred direction. On the other hand, shareholders stand to benefit from the incentives, since they will have a complete dominance of the organizational operations. Therefore, shareholders will be in a good position to steer organizations to increase performance, and consequently generate optimum profits and revenues. Conclusion Conflict is a common scenario in organizations due to differences in values held by shareholders, managers, and employees. Shareholders believe that organizations need to maximize profits, increase revenues, and enhance performance. On the other hand, managers think that organizations can succeed through innovation, creativity, motivation, and hard work on the part of management and employees. According to managers, the innovative nature of employees and mana gers can fail to effect necessary changes, if shareholders impose performance contract incentives on them. The innovative and creative nature of management and employees will not materialize, since the workforce will work hard to achieve the objectives that stakeholders need. Conflict usually arises when shareholders suspect that managers use organizations to meet their personal objectives. This compels shareholders to initiate a corporate governance, which is a strategy aimed at controlling the operations of managers in organizations without necessitating their actual presence. Managers believe that performance based on incentive contracts is not effective. Protagonists feel that organizations require some level of independence to capitalize on their efforts, money, and resources in improving organizational performance.

Canada vs. USA essays

Canada vs. USA essays Basics -Parliamentary/constitutional monarchy-Federal-Responsible (executive part of legislation)-Written AND unwritten constitution -Presidential/congressional-Republic-Federal-Separation of powers with checks and balances. -Written constitution Elections/10 the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.-Minority government (number elected is less than 50%) requires support from elected numbers of a different political party to remain in power.-Party with the second most votes forms the Official Opposition; the leader becomes Leader of the Opposition.-Opposition is responsible in monitoring activities of government insuring against the misuse or abuse of government powers.-Elections are held at least once every five years with variable terms (can change from election to election.-Prime minister has the authority to call elections sooner than five years, usually when he/she senses that there will be an electoral victory. -To be successful a candidate must run in four elections-Campaigning starts approximately two years before the actual elections-Primaries ( first elections) choose delegates to go to the national convention of either Democratic or Republican parties.-Delegates are most likely loyal in supporting specif ic candidates for the partys nomination. -No more than the registered members of the party may vote in primaries.-Running in primaries is optional but usually will cause a candidates campaign to come to a standstill if a candidate loses or doesnt participate. -The few states that dont hold primaries hold caucuses (state part...

Everyday Use (style of dee) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Everyday Use (style of dee) - Essay Example This is the reason why she does not want her friends to come to her home. Dee is hard to satisfy because of her very high standards, so not many people can get along with her comfortably. People tend to be irritated from her attitude. Even her first boyfriend is driven away from Dee because of her hard-to-satisfy nature. Dee always picks out faults in him, so he breaks his relationship with Dee and instead, marries a cheap city girl. Although Dee is hurt by the distortion of her relationship with her first boyfriend, yet she maintains the image of a powerful girl and does not share her emotions with anyone. This essentially speaks of the fact that she is a very strong person who can fight with things single-handedly. Dee is the kind of person who would stand for women’s empowerment in the society. Her arrogance irritates her family, but the fact is that her arrogance is driven by her love and possessiveness for her family. All her efforts are directed at transforming her typical and traditional family into a more modern and enlightened family. Dee is confident that it is right to progress. Being ahead of her time, she makes every possible effort to make her family move along with her. However, her family’s lack of realization makes her an outcast in her own family. College means something very special to Dee. It provides her with a way out of the regular old-fashioned lifestyle and integrate into a totally different world. She realizes that the world is advancing really fast, and to keep pace with it, she has to endorse the new culture and the values associated with it. Dee says to Maggie, â€Å"its really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live youd never know it† (Walker 130). However, there were some objectionable aspects of Dee’s personality. For example, rather than understanding her family values and history, Dee believes whatever people tell her. Instead of searching for the truth, she is keen to

Academic Journal Article Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Journal Article Evaluation - Assignment Example One hundred forty five students in romantic relationships took part in the study on nonverbal communication. The students were split in different divisions and answered the questions according to their understanding. Prinsen and Punyanunt-Carter (2010) found different responses among the people in the relationships. These responses support the authors research on the ideology that there is a huge disparity in nonverbal communication between men and women who are in varying stages of their relationship. The study found that women rated issues on nonverbal communication statistically higher compared to those considered by men. Men on the other hand rated the imperativeness of nonverbal communication as more crucial and should change as well as increase for relationships to work. Additionally, the scholars also found out that sex dissimilarities in nonverbal communication have the capability to cause message misinterpretation in a romantic interaction. The editorial was extremely informative considering that I am in a romantic relationship. The different aspects discussed added value in my life because I now have the knowledge on how to handle nonverbal

W2D 590 Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W2D 590 Organizational behavior - Essay Example le include actions and decisions made by employees, managers, and shareholders and their interactions and interrelationships with customers, community members, suppliers, investors, as well as government agencies which monitor their adherence to prescribed laws and regulations. The behavior in the US Army Recruiting command is expected and perceived to be positive given the crucial role and responsibilities for recruiting qualified people to join the U.S. Army. As emphasized, â€Å"bringing quality young men and women into the Army - people who will complete their tours of duty and make a contribution to the Nation’s defense - is the objective of the U.S. Army Recruiting Command as it goes about the mission of providing the strength for America’s Army† (U.S. Army Recruiting Command, 2014, p. 1). As such, the qualified recruiters are highly competent to locate and screen men and women who have the genuine desire to become members of the U.S. Army. The skills and qualifications that these men possess should fit the personnel requirements of the organization. Therefore, organizational behavior provides these recruiters with the theoretical frameworks for the function of acquisition, maintenance, development, and job organization which con tributes to the performance and productivity of the employees (Martires & Fule, 2004). Knowledge on the application of leadership theories, including application of leadership skills, styles, motivational strategies, communication, change management, and conflict resolution, among others, assist in providing job satisfaction and high

Mathematics in Our World Essay Example for Free

Mathematics in Our World Essay This is a type of service offered by financial firms such as credit unions, banks, savings and loans firms. Advantages It enables people to withdraw their money from a federally protected account. While banks vary as regards terms of check accounts, it has another advantage that holders of checking accounts pay debts with personal checks as substitute for cash. Further, holders can use automated teller machine cards or electronic debit cards to make withdrawal or access individual accounts (Marce, 2009). Therefore this will be a choice if the money is needed to be spent on regular basis. This lies in the fact that with $1000, there is no accruing interest on deposited funds. The other disadvantage is that a penalty is applied if one falls below a minimum. One may also be charged fee depending on the policy of the bank. SECTION B Money market account is similar to regular savings account. It is a form of savings offered by credit union (Baztelsmit, 2007). The difference lies in the fact that on the contrary, they give opportunity for only 3-6 withdrawal in a month and they also offer great interest rates. Its advantage over checking account is that interest is earned on funds deposited. Also, one can write up to 3 checks in a month in money market account. Disadvantages Their minimum balance requirements are higher and can be up to $1500 $2500. The other disadvantage lies in that there is no guarantee return. The expected amount to be earned is not guaranteed and possibility of losing money in such account exists in rare case (Marce, 2009). SECTION C The Passbook This is good especially for investors who don’t need monthly statement and transact infrequently. This form of investment means is a midway option used by some individuals. Advantages Passbooks are updated with information from time to time. It is a liquid account in that fund is readily available and accessible to holders just like in checking account, although, unlike checking accounts, interest here is nominal and small (Baztelsmit, 2007). Disadvantage Deposited money could earn a higher return. SECTION D Certificate of Deposit This is a financial product usually offered to investors by credit unions, banks and thrift institutions. Advantage Banks offer a fixed interest rate having agreed to lock certain funds for a set period of time. Interest rate also increases with increasing period of time the money is locked which varies and can be between a month and ten years. Another advantage is that CDs are insured by FDIC for banks or by NCGA for credit unions and are almost risk-free (Marce, 2009). Disadvantage A major disadvantage of CD is that it’s not a good option if the money to be invested will be needed anytime as withdrawal of money before maturity date attracts heavy penalty. The type of account I have chosen and why I have chosen that account Considering the fact that I have $1000 to invest, the best option for me to invest would probably be the Certificate of Deposits. My reason for this is that I have committed the amount for long term investment and do not need to withdraw funds constantly. It gives me the best and highest return on my investment over the shortest possible period of time (Baztelsmit, 2007). If I had needed to withdraw money frequently, money market would have been my choice account. Furthermore, certain bank allow further investment to be made on this principal fund over time and in this way are a mirror image of savings account and so allows me to deposit additional money. References Marce, (2009). What is Certificate of Deposit? Retrieved on August 7, 2010 from. Baztelsmit (2007). Managing your cash and savings: Case management strategy. Retrieved in August 7, 2010 from www. willey. com.

The Hippopotamus: Endangered Species Report :: essays research papers fc

The Hippopotamus: Endangered Species Report Jason Wapiennik Mr. Trippeer, Biology January 6th, 1997 The ban on elephant ivory trading has slowed down the poaching of elephants, but now poachers are getting their ivory from another creature, the hippopotamus. For the poacher, the hippo is an easy target. They stay together for long hours in muddy water pools, as many as eighty-one can be found in a single square mile. This concentration is so big it's only second to that of the elephant. Poachers kill the animal, then pick out the teeth and sell them for as much as seventy dollars per kilo. This is a very cheap price. Elephant ivory sells for as much as five-hundred dollars per kilo. The reason the price-per-kilo is so slow is because hippo ivory is very brittle compared to the much stronger elephant ivory. Elephant ivory is no longer at the biggest risk for poaching; hippo ivory is. Eastern Zaire once had one of the largest hippo populations in the world, around 23,000 hippos. According to a count done in 1994, this number has now dropped to 11,000. The 1989 ban on elephant ivory is the main cause attributed to the exponential rise to hippo ivory trade. "European and African activists are petitioning advocacy groups, including last week's annual Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in Florida, for a ban on hippo poaching. But they say they're a long way from putting an end to the slaughter." (Howard & Koehl) The hippopotamus is an enormous amphibious animal with smooth, hairless skin. Hippos can be found in Liberia, the Ivory Coast, and a few can also be found in Sierra Leone and Guinea. Hippos used to be found anywhere south of the Sahara Desert where they could find enough water and plenty of room to graze. Now, due to poachers and predation they are confined to protected areas, but they can still sometimes be seen in many major rivers and swamps. Hippos need water that is deep enough to cover them, but it also has to be very close to a pasture. They must wallow in the water because their thin, hairless skin is vulnerable to overheating and dehydration. Hippos were once thought to sweat blood. Actually, hippos secrete a pinkish colored oil that helps them keep their skin moist in the hot African climate. Hippos are herbivores. They prefer the short grass of African plains to any other possible food. They normally eat up to eighty-eight pounds of this grass nightly, which they mow away a large patch at a time with their twenty-inch

Cb Prepartions

Exam: 3hours, 19/50 =15. 2/40 (-31) Section A: MCQ (20m) Section B: Choose 2 from 3 Questions (15m each) 1. Describe the type of promotional message that would be most suitable for each of the following personality market segments: (a) highly dogmatic consumers, (b) inner-directed consumers, (c) consumers with high optimum stimulation levels, (d) consumers with a high need for cognition, and (e) consumers who are visualizers versus consumers who are verbalizers. Give an example of a promotional message for each segment.Social character traits have shown that inner and other-directed consumers may have different preferences in terms of promotional messages. Inner-directed people prefer advertisements that stress personal benefits while other-directed people seem to prefer advertisements that feature social acceptance. (a) HIGHLY DOGMATIC CUSTOMERS: It is a personality trait that measures the degree of rigidity (versus openness) that individuals display towards unfamiliar and towards i nformation that is contrary to their own established beliefs. Dogmatism: general tendency to be open or closed to new ideas and innovations.A person who is high in dogmatism approaches the unfamiliar defensively while the person who is low in dogmatism will rarely consider unfamiliar or opposing beliefs. * more receptive is Ads for new products or services that contains an appeal from the authoritative figure. Marketer uses celebrities and experts to their new product advertising for making it easier for the potentially reluctant customers. * Highly dogmatic consumers are likely to respond favorably to a new product when the advertising message is presented in an authoritarian manner (e. g. celebrity endorsement or expert testimonials). * prefer traditional or established products rather than innovative ones. close minded towards unfamiliar and untoward information that is contrary to their own established beliefs * approach such information with considerable discomfort and uncertai nty. promotional message most suitable would be endorsement or appeal from an authoritative figure. * New products need to be presented in an authoritative manner and that celebrities could be employed to reach dogmatic consumers who are more closed minded. For example: Colgate Dental Cream with Doctors and Experts endorsements. Anti-Polio Campaign featuring Amitabh and Sachin Tendulkar also useAuthoritative statements. The Cadbury’s brand took a beatng in sales after the worms were found in somepackets. Dogmatic Consumers stopped purchasing the Brand. Amitabh Bacchhanwas then used as Authority figure to reestablish Brand. b) Inner-directed consumers * tend to use their own values and standards in evaluating a new product * ads aimed at them should depict the attainment of personal achievement and satisfaction. ads that stress product features and benefits, which enable them to usetheir own values and standards in evaluating products * rely on their own inner values or standa rds in evaluating new products and are likely to be the consumer innovators. * other directed customers tend to look to others for guidance as to what is appropriate or what is inappropriate. * be prefer ads that stress product features and personal benefits ( enabling them to use their own values and standards in evaluating products whereas the other * For example: Surf Ad showing Shabana Azmi saving two buckets of water is an example of the same.The latest from Surf Excel is currently running on television. This is the ad where many people are seen walking with two buckets full of water. They then pour it into a large reservoir. At this point none other than Shabana Azmi informs you what a great thing thissaving of water is for the country and implores you to use Surf Excel. * manufacturer of cameras who advertises to inner-directed consumers should stress the ability to take better pictures and the resulting personal satisfaction. c) Consumers with a high optimum stimulation leve l * more open to risk-taking, more likely to be innovative have a greater willingness to take risks, try products with many novel features, and shop in new retail outlets. * likely to respond favorably to promotional messages stressing more rather than less risk, novelty,or excitement. * to seek purchase related information and to accept new retail facilities. * For example: The exciting and exotic Vacation Campaign of Malasia-Truly Asia is positioning of  Airways to sell the Asian Adventures. These enjoy thinking. They are responsive to that part of Ad that is rich in Information. The TATA-AIG Life insurance Ad showing Naseeruddin Shah giving informationthough Q&A will click for them. benefit of new product offering should not only consider functional features but also the risk, novelty and variety that the product offers. * place different promotional emphasis on particular age segments, as it may be worthwhile to reduce perceived risk for a market segment comprised primarily of older people, while it may not warrant it for a younger market segment. d) Consumers with a high need for cognition * ones who often crave or enjoy thinking. * responsive to ads that are rich in product-related information or description and are unresponsive to the auxiliary or contextual aspects of an advertisement. Need for cognition: stable individual difference in tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity. Individuals high in need for cognition enjoy thinking abstractly. * high-NFC individuals are likely to express more favorable ad attitudes, brand attitudes and purchase intention. * more likely to use message content as a basis for judgments * high NFC leads to the generation of inferences about omitted conclusions ), to less memory decay and greater resistance to counterarguments about products), and to longer processing and superior recall for brands and claims individuals who are high in need for cognition would be expected to be critical thinkers, and t o not necessarily accept arguments found in media or elsewhere on face value. * should be more difficult to persuade, a phenomenon that can be investigated several ways. * high-NFC individuals did so only when the signal was accompanied by a substantial price reduction. * process information presented in the media more thoroughly than those who do not enjoy thinking as much, able to retrieve from memory more information * individuals with higher NFC, who are assumed to process information more extensively, would be expected to generate more thoughts. counterarguing and source derogations are prevalent in advertising and that support arguments are critical if persuasive messages are to have a chance of acceptance * high-NFC would be expected to engage in a wide range of media consumption activities, and would not necessarily be expected to differentiate between sources of information, such as news, advertising or entertainment. All would be stimulating. high NFC individuals are more likely to closely scrutinize the arguments contained in any message, campaign strategists must make sure that arguments are strong in order to cope with the higher resistance to messages by this group * appear to be the ones already predisposed to watch or listen to issue, image or financial advertising featuring long copy. The challenge for strategists thus is to enhance the already high motivation of high-NFC indivduals, by highlighting the relevance of messages, and to enhance the ability and opportunities to process such messages. Example: (e) consumers who are visualizers versus consumers who are verbalizers. * Verbal aggressiveness: tendency to insult and attack others' self-concepts to achieve one's objectives in an argument. * Visualisers (i. e. , consumers who prefer visual information, products that stress the visual) * Morning Dew Ad where there is a race with a Cheetah is a visual treat * detailed descriptions and explanations in targeting verbalizers (i. e. , consumers who prefer written and verbal product information). ‘Do the Dew†Verbalizers prefer verbal dimensions to the promotional message. * The Oye Bubbly Jingle of Pepsi is a Verbal treat to the ear, though it conveys nothing much about the product. 2. A marketer of health foods is attempting to segment a certain market on the basis of consumer self-image. Describe the four types of consumer self-image and discuss which segment would be most effective to target for health foods. In Self-concept theory personality is exemplified by the kinds of things with which people surround themselves.The self-concept has shown to be multi-dimensional and encompasses the way a person actually is, the way individuals see themselves, the way a person would like to be, and the way in which individuals think others perceive them. Theories of self-concept have generally focused on two areas in marketing research. In the one, self concept has been applied to the discrepancy between the self and the ideal self as a measure of personal dissatisfaction. In this instance, product use has been related to items that deal specifically with self enhancement.Consumers have four types of image. 1. Actual self image-how consumers in fact see themselves. In Everyday house hold products, they see themselves in Reality. For example,Washing powders Ads would be realistic. Nirma Powder focuses on Housewives ability to get more for less money. 2. Ideal self Image-how consumers would like to see themselves. In case of Fantasy Products, consumers desire to see themselves perfect, as in case of  Women, Fairness or looking Pretty is high on desire list. The fair and Lovely campaign for fairness cream sells this dream. . Social Self Image-how consumers feel others see them. Here there is an inherent fear factor also involved as to how they are being perceived by others. For example Products which position themselves on social front, showing appropriate behaviour at parties etc appeal here. 4. Id eal Social Self image-how consumers would like others to see them. For Example, Aashirwad ready to cook products and Sambhar Masala Product campaign show the desire of Wives to be seen as a great cook by others.However, since they are working or busy, they do not have time to cook themselves. That is when the Brandcomes to rescue. And finally they are seen as Ideal Wives. There are two more categories of Self-image: Expected Self image-how consumers expect to see themselves at some specified futuretime. The ABKING PRO Ad for machine to slim down people hypes this expectation of  individuals that they will slim down and look good in Future. 5. expected self-image (e. g. , how consumers expect to see themselves at some specified future time) . ought-to self (e. g. , consists of traits or characteristics that an individual believes it is his or her duty or obligation to possess). Ought to self image-traits consumer thinks he ought to have. The Ashrwad readymeal Adis a hit for the wiv es feel that good cooking is a trait they ought to have. The expected self-image is somewhere between the actual and ideal self-images. It is somewhat like a future-oriented combination of â€Å"what is† (the actual self-image) and what consumers would like â€Å"to be† (the ideal self-image).Moreover, because the expected self-image provides consumers with a realistic â€Å"opportunity† to change the â€Å"self,† it is likely to be more valuable to marketers than the actual or ideal self-image as a guide for designing and promoting products. In targeting consumers of health foods, the marketer can use the expected self-image to attract consumers who would like to enhance the quality of their lifestyles through better nutrition, and ideal social self-image to appeal to consumers who are likely to adopt health foods due to peer influence and pressure. Advertisers focus on components that make people feel better about themselves.Many decisions based on look ing glass and ideal self–ie. Aspiring to group not yet reached–image appeal Psychographic info enhances demographic info– people individuals 3. How can Toshiba use the diffusion of innovations framework to develop promotional, pricing, and distribution strategies for its computer notebooks targeted to the following adopter categories? a. Innovators b. Early adopters c. Early majority d. Late majority e. Laggards * In term of the nature, there are five major types of innovations: novelty, competence shifting, complexity, robust design and continuous improvement.While in term of the extent of change, innovations can be divided into incremental, radical and transformational models. Innovation deals with the change related to product, service and process, and the innovation management involve people, product, process and technology† * diffusion is defined as a process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members o f a social system * innovation as â€Å"an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as â€Å"new† by an individual or other unit of adoption. * company will usually sell the hardware at a relatively lower price to capture a share of the market, and then charge relatively higher prices for the software to maximize profitability * Based upon the time variable, individuals seeking new innovations are placed into adopter categories, according to the rate of adoption. Rate of adoption is the â€Å"relative speed with which an innovation is adopted by members of a social system. † * the rate of adoption is the relative speed in which members of society adopt an innovation. It is usually measured as the number of people who adopt an innovation within a specified time-line. Some companies have a defensive strategy and aim to follow the leader. Such companies hope to profit from the mistakes of the first-to-market company by devising incremental design and performance impro vements and cost reductions compared with the original product. In addition they hope to exploit the new market that has started to grow, so timing is important. * But it was the major Japanese companies (such as Sony, JVC, Toshiba) that captured a large share of the mass market through reducing the cost of these devices and improving their performance. (a) Innovators: Venturesome [1st group to adopt]Rogers describes innovators as obsessed with being venturesome. They have an interest in new ideas and innovation and have generally very cosmopolitan type social relationships. Innovators generally have communication patterns and friendships among a certain clique of innovators even though their geographic distance between each other may be very significant. Innovators must be very financially secure in order to absorb a possible loss from an innovation that doesn’t turn into fruition. Likewise, an innovator must have a sound educational background, in order to comprehend a comp lex technical terminology.Furthermore, an innovator must be able to cope with a degree of uncertainty whether the innovation will be adopted by society. Ultimately, Rogers believes the innovator takes risks in being the gatekeeper of innovations, but if the innovation is adopted the rewards are high. Early Adopters: Respect [2nd group to adopt] more integrated in the local society than the innovator. Where an innovator is considered a cosmopolite, an early adopter is a localite. Early adopters have the greatest degree of leadership in most localities. Most potential adopters look to the early adopter for advice and information regarding an innovation.Generally, early adopters are respected and considered successful by their peers. The early adopter is the main group that decreases uncertainty of an innovation by adopting it, and then communicating with potential adopters about the idea. Early Majority: Deliberate [3rd group to adopt] Rogers suggest that the early majority group adop ts new innovations just before the average member of society. Members of the early majority frequently interact with people in their society, but usually do not hold key positions of leadership. The early majority is the largest group and make up approximately one-third of members in a society.The early majority follows with deliberate willingness to adopt an idea, but are rarely leaders. Late Majority: Skeptical [4th group to adopt] Rogers states that the members of the late majority adopt innovations just after the average member of society. The late majority also makes up approximately one-third of members in a social system. Members of the late majority are cautious and skeptical about new innovations. Most of the uncertainty surrounding an innovation must be removed before the late majority will adopt the new idea. Laggards: Traditional [last group to adopt]Laggards are the last group in society to adopt a new idea. Generally, they possess almost no positions of leadership with in their community. Laggards’ point of reference is the past, they are very cautious and only make decisions based on what has already been done. Usually, laggards’ educational and financial resources are limited, forcing them to be completely certain the innovation will not fail before they adopt. These are the traditional categories of society members with respect to the adoption of new ideas and innovations. The diffusion of innovations follows a common life cycle. 82 However, the period over which this trend occurs varies greatly due to a number of factors. 183 By the end of the 20th century many of the following innovations were adopted by society at a much greater rate. 184 For example, the PC, Internet, and cell phone, which are all relatively new products, have steeper gradients when compared to automobiles, electricity and traditional telephones. Price is one of the most important factors involved in adoption of consumer products. This pricing policy pattern c an be used to predict the rate of adoption of new innovations.When it comes to consumers’ rate of adoption to innovations, new technologies succeed at a faster rate than replacement technologies. An early adopting individual may decide to adopt in anticipation that the innovation’s rate of adoption will take off in the near future when others adopt, although past diffusion research suggest that most individuals do not adopt an innovation until after learning of their peers’ successful experiences. † The diffusion of an innovation among the consumers can usually be presented by an s-shaped curve.On a frequency basis the adoption over time will normally follow a bell-shaped curve, but when plotted on a cumulative basis the adoption will form an scurve. 9 The s-curve reflects the acceleration of the adoption. At the early stage the curve is rising slowly meaning relatively few adopters pr. time-period (x-axis). At about the middle of the adoption period the a cceleration peaks and then fades as the percentage of adopters goes up. This course of events is typical for the adoption of new technologies. The logic behind this diffusion lies in the actual number of adopters.The early adopters will be a majority compared to the people who have not yet adopted the technology and therefore there are less people to preach the virtues of the new technology to potential adopters. At the point where the adoption process reaches 50 % the number of adopters equals the number of potential adopters, by definition, thus providing maximal acceleration of the adoption. In the last period, adopters outnumber the people who has not yet adopted, and there will be less people to convince to adopt the technology – slowing down the acceleration of the adoption process.The adopters are often divided into adoption groups. These groups are usually formed on the basis of innovativeness, meaning to which degree each individual is willing adopt new technologies, relative to other members of the social system. From this measure individuals can be placed into groups containing a certain range of innovativeness. The distribution is based on a mean and to which degree individuals’ deviate from the mean (standard deviation). Innovators are the first group of adopters and can be associated with the word venturesome.The individuals representing this group are adventurous and often related to entrepreneurial environments. The innovators run the risk that the innovation does not catch on, and thus subject themselves to a potential loss they must be prepared to absorb. Therefore innovators have to live with the uncertainty about the potentials of the technology, which can be viewed upon as the price to pay for being pioneers in a new field – catalyzing the diffusion of new technologies.The early adopters are ready to adopt a new technology when they observe that other individuals has started adopting, and sees the potential for being s ome of the first adopters of a new and promising technology. These individuals are often a more integrated part of the local society than the innovators, and their adoptions are crucial for the technology to take off and get hold of the broad public. For the early adopters the uncertainties about the merits of the new technology are strongly diminished, and can therefore adopt the new technology without running the risk of buying a young and untested technology.This group accounts for about one third of the total number of adopters, and provide the link between the progressive early adopters and the more skeptical later adopters. In the latter half of the spectrum the late majority also represent about a third of the adopters. This group is skeptical to new innovations, and is not willing to adopt, until a lot of other people have adopted before them ensuring the success of the technology and possibly massive network effects. The last 16 % of the adopters, the laggards, often focus on traditional values and base their decisions on past events.They are suspicious of any new inventions to change the way life are traditionally lived, and must be 100 % certain that the technology will prevail before they are willing to adopt. From a consumers’ point of view it is essential to think about the decisions of future adopters when choosing what technology to go with. The decisions of previous adopters are on the other hand a know factor and plays a role for the decision also. So does the structure of the market, i. e. which technologies are available at the time of adoption, compared to potential superior technologies that could be available in the future.Recent findings indicate that there is a lack of willingness to wait by the early adopters. 11 This high priority of being among the very first users of a new technology is said to inflict negative externalities on the later adopters. These later adopters can be forced to adopt an inferior technology to make sur e that they are compatible with the technologies of the early adopters, or they might be forced to give up compatibility to get a superior technology. That said the diffusion of new technologies is often strongly dependent on the choices of the early adopters.